Introduction In the period between 2004 and 2008 an Action for scientific co-operation was funded by COST designated as COST A27 Understanding pre-industrial structures in rural and mining landscapes (LANDMARKS). As defined in the Memorandum of Understanding of the Action, the main objective was to identify and evaluate pre-industrial elements in the European landscape threatened by the abandonment of traditional agricultural and mining activities. Behind these objectives lay the belief that recovery of landscapes is part of the European Cultural Heritage and important both for research and for the creation of new resources.[1]